Use of surgical videos available on social media among retina surgeons: results of a vitreoretinal specialist survey / Uso de vídeos cirúrgicos nas mídias sociais entre cirurgiões de retina: resultados de uma pesquisa com especialista em retina

ABSTRACT Purpose: This study aimed to assess and interpret how vitreoretinal surgeons use surgical videos available on social media as complementary learning tools to improve, review, or update their abilities, considering their different levels of expertise. Methods: In this cross-sectional survey, an online survey was sent to vitreoretinal specialists and fellows. Results: This survey included 258 participants, of whom 53.88% had been in practice for >10 years (senior surgeons), 29.07% between 4 and 10 years (young surgeons), and 17.05% for <3 years (surgeons in training). Retinal surgical videos available on social media were used by 98.84% of the participants (95% confidence interval, 97.52%-100%). YouTube (91%) was the most common source of videos, and surgeons in training watched more videos on YouTube than senior surgeons. Regarding the preferred method when preparing for a procedure, 49.80% of the participants watched surgical videos available on social media, 26.27% preferred to "consult colleagues", and 18.82% preferred to seek information in scientific articles. Participants valued the most the "image quality" (88%) and presence of "surgical tips and tricks" (85%). Conclusion: Surgical videos can provide benefits in acquiring strategic skills, such as decision-making, surgical planning, and situational awareness. Retina surgeons used them as teaching aids regardless of their level of expertise, despite being relatively more valuable to surgeons in training or young surgeons.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar e interpretar como os cirurgiões vitreorretinianos utilizam os vídeos cirúrgicos disponíveis nas mídias sociais como ferramentas complementares de aprendizagem para melhorar, revisar ou atualizar suas habilidades, considerando seus diferentes níveis de especialização. Métodos: Nesta pesquisa transversal, um survey online foi enviado à especialistas e aprendizes na área vítreo-retiniana. Resultados: Esta pesquisa incluiu 258 participantes, dos quais 53,88% atuavam há mais de 10 anos (cirurgiões seniores), 29,07% entre 4 e 10 anos (cirurgiões jovens) e 17,05% há menos de 3 anos (cirurgiões em treinamento). Vídeos cirúrgicos de retina nas mídias sociais foram usados por 98,84% dos participantes (intervalo de confiança de 95%, 97,52%-100%). A fonte mais comum de acesso aos vídeos foi o YouTube (91%), e o grupo de cirurgiões com menos de 3 anos de experiência assistiu mais vídeos no YouTube em comparação aos cirurgiões seniores. Assistir a vídeos cirúrgicos nas redes sociais foi o método preferido na preparação para um procedimento para 49,80% dos participantes versus 26,27% que preferiram "consultar colegas" e 18,82% que preferiram buscar informações em artigos científicos. A "qualidade de imagem" (88%) e a presença de "dicas e truques cirúrgicos" (85%) foram as características dos vídeos mais valorizadas pelos participantes. Conclusão: O uso de vídeos cirúrgicos pode trazer benefícios na aquisição de habilidades estratégicas, como tomada de decisão, planejamento cirúrgico e consciência situacional. Sua aplicação como auxiliar de ensino foi utilizada por cirurgiões de retina independentemente de seu nível de especialização, apesar de ser relativamente mais valioso para cirurgiões em formação ou com menos de 10 anos de experiência.

Assessment of interobserver reliability for the letournel and judet classification / Avaliação da confiabilidade interobservadores para a classificação de letournel e judet

ABSTRACT Introduction: The Judet and Letournel classification is the most widely used classification system for acetabular fractures. Some complex fractures couldn't be classified according to this classification. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the reliability of the Letournel and Judet classification system for acetabular fractures. Material and methods: 10 acetabular fractures were analyzed among 17 orthopedic surgeons. The surgeons were asked to classify the fractures according to the Judet and Letournel classification. Their experience, the number of surgeries, and the incision type that the surgeon uses for the anterior part of the acetabulum were recorded. Results: The overall interobserver agreement for the Letournel classification was found to be poor, with a Kappa value of 0.287. The Kappa value for interobserver agreement was 0.224 for plain radiographs, 0.293 for 2D-CT, and 0.321 for 3D-CT scans. There was no significant difference between the incision types used by the surgeons. The highest reliability was determined among the surgeons who operate on 10-20 acetabular fractures per year, with a Kappa value of 0.309. Conclusion: This results revealed that the Judet and Letournel Judet classification is not sufficient to classify acetabular fractures because of unclassified fractures and the complex algorithm of the system. Level of Evidence III; Comparative Retrospective Study.

RESUMO Introdução: A classificação de Judet e Letournel é o sistema de classificação mais amplamente utilizado para fraturas acetabulares. Algumas fraturas complexas, porém, não puderam ser classificadas de acordo com esta classificação. O principal objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a confiabilidade do sistema de classificação de Judet e Letournel para fraturas acetabulares. Material e métodos: Foram selecionadas aleatoriamente 10 fraturas acetabulares de um banco de dados. Participaram do estudo 17 cirurgiões ortopédicos. Foi solicitado aos cirurgiões que classificassem as fraturas de acordo com a classificação de Judet e Letournel. Suas experiências, o número de cirurgias e o tipo de incisão que o cirurgião utiliza para a parte anterior do acetábulo foram registrados. Resultados: A concordância interobservadores geral para a classificação de Judet e Letournel foi considerada fraca, com um valor de Kappa de 0,287. O valor de Kappa para a concordância interobservadores foi de 0,224 para radiografias simples, 0,293 para tomografias computadorizadas em 2D e 0,321 para tomografias computadorizadas em 3D. Não houve diferença significativa entre os tipos de incisão utilizados pelos cirurgiões. A maior confiabilidade foi determinada entre os cirurgiões que operam de 10 a 20 fraturas acetabulares por ano, com um valor de Kappa de 0,309. Conclusão: Os resultados revelaram que a classificação de Judet e Letournel não é suficiente para classificar fraturas acetabulares devido a fraturas não classificadas e ao algoritmo complexo do sistema. Nível de Evidência III; Estudo Comparativo Retorpectivo.

Leadership development training for brazilian orthopedic surgeons / Treinamento de desenvolvimento de liderança para cirurgiões ortopédicos brasileiros

ABSTRACT Objective: To report on the experience and impressions of the Brazilian orthopedic trauma surgeons attending the Leadership Development Program (LDP) hosted by the Sociedade Brasileira do Trauma Ortopédico (SBTO) in Sao Paulo, Brazil on November 4, 2022. Methods: Forty-eight orthopedic trauma surgeons from five different regions throughout Brazil were provided a link to complete The Big Five Test, a validated online personality assessment. The questionnaire was available in Portuguese and was intended to provide a background on individual personality traits and their influence on interpersonal interactions. The LDP integrated content from literature reviews specific to Latin America, established leadership programs from leading business schools, and various subject matter experts. Prior to the start of the LDP, participants received a pre-course survey evaluating demographic information, a needs assessment, and the prioritization of leadership topics utilizing a 5-point Likert-scale. Attendees participated in the one-day, interactive LDP focusing on the fundamental principles of leadership development, communication, personal development, emotional intelligence and negotiation. Following the LDP, a post-course evaluation was administered to determine the participants' overall experience, and suggestions for LDP improvement. Results: Forty-one of the forty-eight course participants completed the pre-course evaluation, whereas forty-six of the forty-eight participants completed the post-course evaluations. Overwhelmingly, the lack of opportunity was most prevalently reported as the main obstacle to attending a leadership course, as cited by 56% of respondents. Conclusion: Expanding the accessibility, diversity, and customizability of leadership programs can facilitate the development of personal tools needed to move healthcare forward. Critical topics include emotional intelligence and other differentiating leadership qualities that distinguish true transformational and servant leaders. Advancing leadership skills can stimulate networking, expose learners to experiential learning styles, inspire others to create positive change, and engender creative solutions for systematic improvements and health outcomes. Level of Evidence III; Individual Case-Control Studies.

RESUMO Objetivo: Relatar a experiência e as impressões de cirurgiões de trauma ortopédico brasileiros participantes do Programa de Desenvolvimento de Liderança (PDL), organizado pela Sociedade Brasileira do Trauma Ortopédico (SBTO), em São Paulo, Brasil, em 4 de novembro de 2022. Métodos: Quarenta e oito cirurgiões de trauma ortopédico de cinco regiões diferentes do Brasil receberam um link para preencher o The Big Five Test, uma avaliação de personalidade on-line validada. O questionário estava disponível em português e pretendia fornecer informações básicas sobre traços de personalidade individuais e sua influência nas interações interpessoais. O PDL integrou conteúdo de análises de literatura específicas da América Latina, e programas de liderança estabelecidos pelas principais escolas de negócios e por vários especialistas no assunto. Antes do início do PDL, os participantes receberam uma pesquisa pré-curso solicitando informações demográficas, uma avaliação de necessidades e a priorização de tópicos de liderança utilizando uma escala Likert de 5 pontos. Os participantes participaram do PDL interativo de um dia com foco nos princípios fundamentais de desenvolvimento de liderança, comunicação, desenvolvimento pessoal, inteligência emocional e negociação. Após o PDL, foi realizada uma avaliação pós-curso para determinar a experiência geral dos participantes e sugestões para melhoria do PDL. Resultados: Quarenta e um dos quarenta e oito participantes do curso concluíram a avaliação pré-curso, enquanto quarenta e seis dos quarenta e oito participantes concluíram a avaliação pós-curso. A falta de oportunidade foi relatada com maior prevalência como o principal obstáculo para frequentar um curso de liderança, conforme citado por 56% dos entrevistados. Conclusão: Expandir a acessibilidade, a diversidade e a personalização dos programas de liderança podem facilitar o desenvolvimento de ferramentas pessoais necessárias para fazer avançar os cuidados de saúde. Os tópicos críticos incluem inteligência emocional e outras qualidades de liderança diferenciadas, que distinguem verdadeiros líderes transformacionais e servidores O avanço das competências de liderança pode estimular o networking, expor os alunos a estilos de aprendizagem experiencial, inspirar outros a criar mudanças positivas e gerar soluções criativas para melhorias sistemáticas dos resultados na saúde. Nível de Evidência III; Estudos de caso-controle individuais.

Acute and chronic postoperative pain: knowledge of anesthesiologists and surgeons in Northeastern Brazil about its definition and prevention / Dor aguda e crônica pós-operatória: conhecimento de anestesiologistas e cirurgiões do Nordeste do Brasil sobre sua definição e prevenção

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Chronic postoperative pain (CPP) can be defined as pain that continues for two or more months after surgery, after ruling out other causes. In Brazil, there is a lack of reliable data regarding the incidence of acute and chronic postoperative pain, as well as its impact on patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge of anesthesiologists and surgeons regarding the management of CPP. METHODS: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted using an online questionnaire distributed to a non-probabilistic convenience sample of anesthesiologists and surgeons. The questionnaire, administered through Google Forms™, consisted of 22 questions covering sociodemographic information, self-assessment of knowledge, therapeutic management of postoperative pain, and the perceived need for further training. Chi-square test or Fisher's Exact test was used to analyze the data. RESULTS: The main sociodemographic findings indicate a gender difference (p=0.03) among surgeons. Of 109 participants, most did not have expertise or specialization in pain management (p=0.02) and obtained knowledge about pain and analgesia only after undergraduate courses (p=0.013). Surgeons provided more incorrect answers about the definition of acute pain (p<0.001) and chronic pain (p=0.003) than anesthesiologists. Most participants claim to remember at least two risk factors for the development of chronic pain in surgical patients (p=0.001). Participants did not recommend the use of antidepressants (p=0.024) or antiepileptics (p=0.013) for the treatment of acute pain. Anesthesiologists considered strong opioids adequate to control acute pain (p<0.001). In relation to chronic pain, 70.7% of surgeons and 89.7% of anesthesiologists believed that antiepileptic drugs could be effective in managing this type of pain (p=0.018). Longer training time was related to less study of pain during undergraduate education (p=0.041). CONCLUSION: Surgeons and anesthesiologists showed substantial deficits in knowledge about postoperative pain. It is necessary to reassess the inclusion of the pain subject in medical curricula, and a more practical approach to the topic could greatly benefit future professionals working in this field.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A dor pós-operatória crônica (DPC) pode ser definida como uma dor que persiste por dois ou mais meses após a cirurgia, após a exclusão de outras causas. No Brasil, faltam dados confiáveis sobre a incidência de dor pós-operatória aguda e crônica, bem como seu impacto nos pacientes. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o conhecimento de anestesiologistas e cirurgiões sobre o manejo da DPC. MÉTODOS: Este estudo observacional transversal foi realizado por meio de um questionário online distribuído a uma amostra não probabilística de conveniência de anestesiologistas e cirurgiões. O questionário, administrado por meio do Google Forms™, consistia em 22 questões abrangendo informações sociodemográficas, autoavaliação do conhecimento, manejo terapêutico da dor pós-operatória e percepção da necessidade de treinamento adicional. O teste Qui-quadrado ou o Exato de Fisher foi utilizado para analisar os dados. RESULTADOS: Os principais achados sociodemográficos indicaram diferença de sexo (p=0,03) entre os cirurgiões. Dos 109 participantes, a maioria não possuía expertise ou especialização no manejo da dor (p=0,02) e obtiveram conhecimento sobre dor e analgesia somente após a graduação (p=0,013). Os cirurgiões forneceram mais respostas incorretas sobre a definição de dor aguda (p<0,001) e dor crônica (p=0,003) do que os anestesiologistas. A maioria dos participantes afirmou se lembrar de ao menos dois fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de dor crônica em pacientes cirúrgicos (p=0,001). Os participantes não recomendaram o uso de antidepressivos (p=0,024) ou antiepilépticos (p=0,013) para o tratamento da dor aguda. Os anestesiologistas consideraram os opioides fortes adequados para o controle da dor aguda (p<0,001). Em relação à dor crônica, 70,7% dos cirurgiões e 89,7% dos anestesiologistas acreditam que os fármacos antiepilépticos podem ser eficazes no controle desse tipo de dor (p=0,018). O maior tempo de formação foi relacionado a um menor estudo da dor durante a graduação (p=0,041). CONCLUSÃO: Cirurgiões e anestesiologistas mostraram déficits substanciais no conhecimento sobre dor pós-operatória. É preciso reavaliar a inclusão do tema da dor nos currículos médicos, e uma abordagem mais prática do tema pode beneficiar muito os futuros profissionais que atuam nessa área.

Perspectives in Training and Professional Practice of Cardiac Surgery in Latin America

ABSTRACT Introduction: There is a lack of information about cardiac surgery training and professional practice in Latin American (LATAM) countries. This study is the first comparative analysis of cardiac surgical training and professional practice across LATAM and provides the fundamentals for future academic projects of the Latin American Association of Cardiac and Endovascular Surgery (LACES). Methods: International survey-based comparative analysis of the training and professional practice of cardiac surgeons across LATAM. Trainees (residents/fellows) and staf (graduated) surgeons from LATAM countries were included. Results: A total of 289 respondents (staf surgeons N=221 [76.5%]; residents/fellows N=68 [23.5%]) from 18 different countries participated in the survey. Most surgeons (N=92 [45.3%]) reported being unsatisfied with their salaries. Most respondents (N=181 [62.6%]) stated that it was difficult to obtain a leadership position, and 149 (73.8%) stated that it was difficult to find a job after completing training. Only half of the trainee respondents (N=32 [47.1%]) reported that their program had all resident spots occupied. Only 22.1% (N=15) of residents/fellows were satisfied with their training programs. The majority (N=205 [70.9%]) of respondents would choose cardiac surgery as their specialty again. Most surgeons (N=129 [63.9%]) and residents/fellows (N=52 [76.5%]) indicated that the establishment of a LATAM cardiac surgery board examination would be beneficial. Conclusion: Modernization and standardization of training, as well as greater access to opportunities, may be required in LATAM to increase professional satisfaction of cardiac surgeons and to reduce disparities in the specialty. Such changes may enhance the regional response to the dynamic challenges in the feld.

Current management of upper lid ptosis: a web-based international survey of oculoplastic surgeons / Tratamento atual da ptose da pálpebra superior: estudo internacional baseado em questionário eletrônico envolvendo cirurgiões oculoplásticos

ABSTRACT Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the current practice patterns for assessing and managing upper lid ptosis among members of the Latin American and Spanish societies of Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Methods: An e-mail was sent to invite members of both societies to participate in this anonymous web-based survey. The survey collected data on surgeons' demographics and four other sections: upper lid ptosis preoperative evaluation, surgical preferences, postoperative management, and complications. The frequency and proportions of the responses were then statistically analyzed. Results: The survey was responded by 354 experienced oculoplastic surgeons, 47.7% of whom generally performed more than 20 upper lid ptosis surgeries annually. Of those respondents, 244 (68.9%) routinely check for dry eye preoperatively. Less than half of the respondents (47.4%) perform the phenylephrine test for congenital or acquired ptosis. Mild upper lid ptosis was reported to be usually corrected with conjunctival mullerectomy (43.6%). Severe upper lid ptosis was reported to be usually corrected with frontalis surgery (57%), followed by anterior levator resection, mainly supramaximal resection (17.5%). In cases of severe congenital ptosis, the main reason for surgery was to alleviate the risk of amblyopia (37.3%). An anterior approach was reported to be usually (63.3%) used to manage involutional ptosis associated with dermatochalasis. Common complications comprised undercorrection after levator resection (40%) or frontalis suspension (27.5%). Conclusions: This study reports the current practice patterns among Spanish and Latin American oculoplastic surgeons in upper lid ptosis diagnosis and treatment. Surgeons can use this study data to compare disease management with their colleagues.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a prática e tratamento da ptose da pálpebra superior por membros das sociedades latino-ame­ricanas e espanhola de Cirurgia Plástica Ocular. Métodos: Os membros das referidas sociedades foram convidados por e-mail para responder a um questionário eletrônico garantindo o anonimato. O questionário constou de dados demográficos do cirurgião e outras quatro seções: avaliação pré-operatória da ptose da pálpebra superior, preferências cirúrgicas, conduta pós-operatória e complicações. Estatística descritiva foi utilizada para análise da frequência e proporções percentuais. Resultados: Trezentos e cinquenta e quatro experientes cirurgiões oculoplásticos dos quais 47,7% realizam mais de 20 cirurgias de ptose da pálpebra superior por ano responderam ao questionário. Na avaliação pré-operatória, 68,9% realizam testes para olho seco, mas o teste da fenilefrina é feito por menos da metade dos entrevistados (47,4%). A ptose da pálpebra superior leve geralmente é corrigida por conjuntivo-mullerectomia (43,6%), a ptose da pálpebra superior grave por cirurgia do músculo frontal (57%) ou ressecção da aponeurose do levantador via anterior, principalmente usando a supramáxima (17,5%). O principal motivo para operar a ptose congênita grave é o risco de ambliopia (37,3%). A ptose involucional associada à dermatocálase costuma ser corrigida pela via anterior (63,3%). Hipocorreção é complicação comum após a ressecção da aponeurose do levantador (40%) ou suspensão ao frontal (27,5%). Conclusões: As práticas atuais dos cirurgiões oculoplásticos espanhóis e latino-americanos para diagnóstico e tratamento de ptose da pálpebra superior foram relatadas. Os dados apresentados podem ser usados para comparar a abordagem dos cirurgiões com a de seus pares.

Epidemiological study of the prevalence of low back pain in spine surgeons in brazil / Estudo epidemiológico da prevalência de lombalgia em cirurgiões de coluna no brasil / Estudio epidemiológico de prevalencia de lumbalgia en cirujanos de columna en brasil

ABSTRACT: Introduction: Low back pain is defined as pain, muscle spasm, or stiffness between the L1 and L5 vertebrae, below the lower margin of the twelfth rib and above the upper gluteal fold, and may or may not be associated with pain radiating to the lower limbs. Objective: To determine the prevalence of low back pain in spine surgeons. Method: A non-randomized quantitative cross-sectional clinical study was carried out in a sample of 95 spine surgeons in Brazil, with the application of the Oswestry and visual analog pain scales, in addition to a structured questionnaire for the characterization of the participants. Results: Among the studied population, 69.5% were orthopedists, 30.5% were neurosurgeons, and the mean age of the sample was 46 years (±10.6), with neurosurgeons being older than orthopedists. Regarding BMI, the majority (77.8%) were overweight or obese, and seventy-six percent performed physical activity. The prevalence of low back pain was 58.9%. No relevant differences were found in the time spent weekly in surgeries between those who had low back pain and those who did not (p = 0.364). Mean pain intensity was 2.0 (SD = 2.2), statistically (p = 0.025) higher in orthopedists (2.3) when compared to neurosurgeons (1.3). Regarding the ODI score, 98.2% of the surgeons had a minimal disability (0-20%) for daily activities. Conclusion: The prevalence of low back pain in spine surgeons is high and is associated with mild inability to perform daily activities. Level Of Evidence IV; Non-Randomized Quantitative Cross-Sectional Clinical Study.

RESUMO: Introdução: A lombalgia é definida como dor, espasmo muscular ou rigidez entre as vértebras L1 e L5, abaixo da margem inferior da décima segunda costela e acima da prega glútea superior, e pode ou não estar associada à dor que se irradia para os membros inferiores. Objetivo: Determinar a prevalência de lombalgia em cirurgiões de coluna. Método: Foi realizado um estudo clínico transversal quantitativo não randomizado em uma amostra de 95 cirurgiões de coluna do Brasil, com aplicação das escalas Oswestry e visual analógica da dor, além de questionário estruturado para a caracterização dos participantes da pesquisa. Resultados: Dentre a população estudada, 69,5% eram ortopedistas e 30,5% eram neurocirurgiões e a idade média da amostra foi de 46 anos (±10,6), sendo que os neurocirurgiões eram mais velhos que os ortopedistas. Em relação ao IMC a maioria (77,8%) estavam com sobrepeso e obesidade e setenta e seis porcento realizavam atividade física. A prevalência de lombalgia foi de 58,9%. Não foram encontradas diferenças relevantes no tempo gasto semanalmente em cirurgias, entre quem tinha ou não lombalgia (p = 0,364). A intensidade média da dor foi de 2,0 (DP = 2,2), sendo estatisticamente (p = 0,025) maiores em ortopedistas (2,3) quando comparados aos neurocirurgiões (1,3). Em relação ao escore do ODI, 98,2% dos cirurgiões apresentaram incapacidade mínima (0-20%) para as atividades diárias. Conclusão: A prevalência de lombalgia em cirurgiões de coluna é grande e está associada com incapacidade leve para atividades cotidianas. Nível de Evidência IV; Estudo Clínico Transversal Quantitativo não Randomizado.

RESUMEN: Introducción: La lumbalgia se define como dolor, espasmo muscular o rigidez entre las vértebras L1 y L5, por debajo del margen inferior de la duodécima costilla y por encima del pliegue glúteo superior, y puede o no asociarse a dolor irradiado a las extremidades inferiores. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de dolor lumbar en cirujanos de columna. Método: Se realizó un estudio clínico transversal cuantitativo no aleatorizado en una muestra de 95 cirujanos de columna en Brasil, con la aplicación de las escalas de dolor de Oswestry y analógica visual, además de un cuestionario estructurado para la caracterización de los participantes. Resultados: Entre la población estudiada, el 69,5% eran ortopedistas y el 30,5% neurocirujanos y la edad media de la muestra fue de 46 años (±10,6), siendo los neurocirujanos mayores que los ortopedistas. En cuanto al IMC, la mayoría (77,8%) presentaba sobrepeso u obesidad y el setenta y seis por ciento realizaba actividad física. La prevalencia de dolor lumbar fue del 58,9%. No se encontraron diferencias relevantes en el tiempo dedicado semanalmente a las cirugías, entre los que tenían lumbalgia y los que no (p = 0,364). La intensidad media del dolor fue de 2,0 (DP = 2,2), siendo estadísticamente (p = 0,025) mayor en traumatólogos (2,3) que en neurocirujanos (1,3). En cuanto a la puntuación ODI, el 98,2% de los cirujanos tenían incapacidad mínima (0-20%) para las actividades diarias. Conclusión: La prevalencia de lumbalgia en cirujanos de columna es alta y se asocia a incapacidad leve para realizar las actividades cotidianas. Nivel de Evidencia IV; Estudio Clínico Transversal Cuantitativo no Aleatorizado.

The academic impact of the symposium on endoscopy and minimally invasive spine surgery of the mexican association of spine surgeons - amcico / O impacto acadêmico do simpósio de endoscopia e cirurgia minimamente invasiva da coluna vertebral da associação mexicana de cirurgiões da coluna vertebral - amcico / El impacto académico del simposio de endoscopia y cirugía minimamente invasiva de columna de la asociación mexicana de cirujanos de columna - amcico

ABSTRACT Introduction: The interest in spinal endoscopy is rising, particularly among younger spine surgeons. Formalized postgraduate training programs for endoscopic spinal surgery techniques are lacking behind. Methods: The authors performed a retrospective survey study amongst participants of the 2022 AMCICO endoscopic surgery symposium. Descriptive and correlative statistics were done on the surgeon's responses recorded in multiple-choice questions. In addition, surgeons were asked about their clinical experience and preferences with spinal endoscopy, training background, the types of lumbar endoscopic decompression they perform by approach, and future training requirements. SPSS (version 27) statistical software package was used for data analysis. Descriptive statistic measures were used to count responses and calculate the mean, range, standard deviation, and percentages. In addition, chi-square statistics were used to determine the strength of the association between factors. Results: The online survey was accessed by 321 surgeons, of which 92 completed it (53.4%). Demographic data showed the majority of responding surgeons being orthopedic surgeons (73.6%) and under the age of 50 (69.2%), with over half (51.1%) having less than three months of formalized training in endoscopic spinal surgery techniques. Most surgeons practiced uni-portal (58.9%) versus bi-portal (3.4%) spinal endoscopy. The transforaminal approach (65.5%) was preferred over the interlaminar method (34.4%). The bi-portal technique was indicated almost exclusively for the lumbar spine (94.8%). For endoscopically assisted spinal fusions, a uni-portal approach was preferred by 72% of surgeons over a bi-portal procedure (24.5%). 84.1% of respondents were interested in navigation, of which 30.7% preferred optical over electromagnetic technology (18.2%). Robotics was of interest to 51.1% of survey participants. Respondents' bias was estimated with course attendance assessments, with 37% of surgeons having attended all three days, 27.2% two days, and 16.3% one day. One-fifth of responding spine surgeons did not participate in any curriculum activities but completed the survey. The academic impact of the AMCICO endoscopy symposium was high, with 68.1% of respondents indicating interest in continued training and 61.1% of trainees ready to apply their newly acquired knowledge base to clinical practice. Conclusion: The interest in spinal endoscopy surgery techniques and protocols is high among AMCICO members. Many surgeons are interested in learning advanced endoscopic surgical techniques to integrate the technology into their surgical procedure portfolio to address common painful conditions of the degenerative spine beyond herniated discs and foraminal stenosis. The authors concluded that its academic impact was high based on the responses given by the participating surgeons. Level of evidence III; Retrospective study.

Resumo: Introdução: O interesse em cirurgia endoscópica da coluna tem aumentado especialmente entre os jovens cirurgiões, contudo, são poucos os centros que atualmente oferecem programas de treinamento nesta disciplina. Métodos: Foi realizada uma pesquisa retrospectiva entre os participantes do simpósio de "Cirurgia Minimamente Invasiva e Endoscópica da Coluna Vertebral" realizado durante o Congresso AMCICO 2022. Estatísticas descritivas e testes de correlação foram aplicados às respostas das perguntas de múltipla escolha. Os cirurgiões foram questionados sobre experiência clínica e preferências pela endoscopia espinhal, histórico de treinamento, tipos de descompressão lombar endoscópica que realizaram e requisitos futuros para um treinamento adicional. O software estatístico SPSS (versão 27) foi utilizado para a análise de dados. As medidas estatísticas descritivas foram utilizadas para quantificar as respostas e calcular a mediana, a média, o desvio padrão e as porcentagens. O qui-quadrado foi empregado para determinar a associação entre os fatores estudados. Resultados: A pesquisa on-line foi visualizada por 321 cirurgiões, dos quais 92 a completaram (53,4%). As informações demográficas mostraram que a maioria dos participantes são cirurgiões ortopédicos (73,6%) e menores de 50 anos (69,2%), com mais da metade deles (51,1%) possuindo menos de 3 meses de treinamento formal em técnicas endoscópicas. A maioria dos cirurgiões pratica abordagens uniportais (58,9%, contra 3,4% bi-portais). A abordagem transforaminal (65,5%) foi preferida em relação à abordagem interlaminar (34,4%). A abordagem biportal foi selecionada como a abordagem indicada para a região lombar (94,8%). Para a fusão endoscopia-assistida, a abordagem unilateral foi preferida por 72% dos participantes contra a abordagem biportal (24,5%). Os sistemas de navegação foram de interesse para 84,1% dos participantes, dos quais 30,7% responderam que preferiam a óptica em vez da eletromagnética (18,2%). O uso da robótica foi de interesse para 51,1% dos participantes. O viés dos participantes foi calculado com base no percentual de participação, onde 37% participaram de todos os 3 dias de conferências, 27,2% participaram de 2 dias e 16,3% participaram de apenas um dia. Um quinto dos cirurgiões não participaram das atividades do simpósio e ainda assim responderam à pesquisa. O impacto acadêmico do simpósio de "Cirurgia Minimamente Invasiva e Endoscópica da Coluna Vertebral" foi alto, com 68,1% dos participantes respondendo que têm interesse em treinamento adicional nestas técnicas e 61,1% respondendo que estão prontos para aplicar novos conhecimentos em sua prática médica. Conclusão: O interesse em técnicas cirúrgicas endoscópicas da coluna vertebral é alto entre os membros da AMCICO. Um grande número de cirurgiões está interessado em aprender técnicas cirúrgicas endoscópicas avançadas da coluna vertebral e integrar esta tecnologia como parte de suas ferramentas cirúrgicas para resolver problemas comuns que afetam a coluna com doença degenerativa, além de hérnias de disco e estenoses foraminais. Baseados nas respostas fornecidas pelos cirurgiões participantes, os autores concluem que o impacto acadêmico foi elevado. Nível de evidência III; Estudo retrospectivo.

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The use of adhesive radiopaque grids in genicular nerve block by radioscopy / O uso de máscara localizadora no bloqueio de nervos geniculares por radioscopia

ABSTRACT The performance of genicular nerve block requires an imaging method to guide the procedure. Radioscopy has the disadvantage of being radiation dependent. Objective: To assess whether the use of adhesive radiopaque grids reduce radiation exposure in these cases. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted with 23 orthopedists in which needles were positioned in a model with and without the use of adhesive radiopaque grids. The number of fluoroscopy shots necessary for proper positioning in three points (superior lateral, superior medial, and inferior medial) were registered. Results: A statistical difference was observed in the three blocking points studied. The number of radioscopies required for these three points were 12.1 ± 2.5 in the group without grid and 5.0 ± 1.8 in the group with grid. The superior medial point presented the greatest numerical difference and the inferior medial point the smallest. Conclusion: The use of adhesive radiopaque grids led to a statistically significant reduction in the number of radioscopies/fluoroscopies required to perform the genicular block. The use of this device increases the safety of the physician and patient by reducing radiation exposure in this procedure. Level of Evidence III, Level of Evidence II, Random Clinical Trial.

RESUMO Para a realização do bloqueio de nervos geniculares é necessário guiar o procedimento por um método de imagem. A radioscopia possui a desvantagem de ser dependente de radiação. Objetivo: Avaliar se o uso de máscaras localizadoras diminui a exposição à radiação nesses casos. Métodos: Estudo transversal realizado com 23 ortopedistas, que realizaram o posicionamento de agulhas em um modelo com e sem o uso da máscara localizadora. Foi registrado o número de escopias necessárias para o posicionamento adequado em três pontos: superior lateral, superior medial e inferior medial. Resultados: Foi observada diferença estatística nos três pontos de bloqueio analisados. O número de radioscopias necessárias nos três pontos somados foi de 12,1 ± 2,5, no grupo sem máscara, e 5,0 ± 1,8, no grupo com máscara. O ponto superior medial foi o que apresentou a maior diferença numérica, e o inferior medial a menor. Conclusão: O uso da máscara localizadora reduziu de forma estatisticamente significativa o número de escopias necessárias para a realização do bloqueio genicular. O uso desse dispositivo aumenta a segurança do médico e do paciente por diminuir a exposição à radioscopia nesse procediment. Nível de Evidência III, Ensaio clínico randomizado aberto - Nível de recomendação B - nível de evidência 2b.

Women in Orthopaedics: A Perspective from Malaysian Female Orthopaedic Surgeons

@#Introduction: The awareness of under-representation of female surgeons in orthopaedics has been increasing in this decade. We aim to investigate the reasons why female surgeons chose orthopaedic, the barriers that possibly hinder female surgeons into orthopaedics and analyse the obstacles that they encountered in their career in Malaysian context. Materials and methods: A total of 101 registered female orthopaedic surgeons registered with the Malaysian Medical Council, during the period 1980 to 2020, were contacted for a cross-sectional survey, consisting of thirty-four questions on their experience in the orthopaedic career. Eighty-two responses were received (81.2%). Questions in this survey consisted of four sections: (1) demographic details, (2) current clinical practice environment, (3) orthopaedics training experience, and (4) career experience. Results: A total of 49% of respondents had subspeciality training, highest in paediatric orthopaedic (30%). Enjoyment of manual tasks (64.6%) and professional satisfaction (64.6%) were the top reasons for choosing orthopaedic as a career. Primary barriers to orthopaedic were physical strength required (56.0%) and public gender bias (52.4%). Twenty-eight percent reported gender discrimination in career opportunities while 60% reported similar in daily work. Thirty-three percent reported verbal and 11% physical sexual harassment in their career. Forty-four percent of respondents reported benefits as female orthopaedic surgeon in their work. Conclusion: The reasons for Malaysian female orthopaedic surgeons to choose orthopaedic as their career and the barriers perceived to hinder other females from choosing orthopaedics were similar to reports worldwide with no exception to gender discrimination and sexual harassment. The support given by male colleagues to married female surgeons marked a unique phenomenon in Malaysian culture.

What is the degree of variability in formal training for pediatric orthopedic surgeons performing scoliosis surgery? / ¿Cuál es el grado de variabilidad en la educación formal de los cirujanos ortopédicos pediátricos que realizan intervenciones quirúrgicas de escoliosis?

Abstract: Introduction: although pediatric orthopedic surgeons worldwide perform scoliosis surgery, the training received is variable and poorly understood. By surveying the European Pediatric Orthopedic Society (EPOS) and the Sociedad Latinoamericana de Ortopedia (SLAOTI), we aim to characterize this variability. Material and methods: in 2021, we distributed an anonymous online questionnaire to EPOS and SLAOTI. Results: 43% EPOS and 22% SLAOTI perform scoliosis procedures (p < 0.05). 18% EPOS and 2% SLAOTI performed > 35 procedures annually (p < 0.05). 70% EPOS and 27% SLAOTI received formal training in spinal deformity surgery (p < 0.005). Conclusions: results show significant differences in training and performance of scoliosis procedures between societies.

Resumen: Introducción: aunque muchos cirujanos ortopédicos pediátricos alrededor del mundo realizan cirugías para la escoliosis, el entrenamiento es variable y poco conocido. A través de encuestar a la Sociedad Europea de Ortopedia Pediátrica (EPOS) y a la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Ortopedia (SLAOTI) queremos caracterizar esta variabilidad. Material y métodos: distribuimos un cuestionario anónimo en 2021 a los miembros de EPOS y SLAOTI. Resultados: realizan las cirugías de escoliosis 43% de EPOS, en comparación con 22% de SLAOTI (p < 0.05); 18% de EPOS realizó > 35 cirugías al año, en comparación con 2% de SLAOTI (p < 0.05); 70% de EPOS y 27% de SLAOTI recibieron capacitación formal en cirugía de deformidades de la columna (p < 0.005). Conclusiones: los resultados de este estudio subrayan las diferencias en el entrenamiento de las cirugías de escoliosis entre diferentes sociedades.

Colecistectomía Laparoscópica: comparación de Técnica Americana vs Técnica Modificada en relación a elementos de confort del cirujano / Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: Comparison of the American Technique vs the modified Technique in relation to Surgeon comfort

Introducción: Los cirujanos informaron esfuerzo y dolor musculoesquelético durante o después de un procedimiento. Modificando que la inserción del trócar localizado en línea media clavicular se coloque en línea media, puede mejorar la postura del cirujano. En el Hospital Universitario de Caracas, la técnica de colecistectomía laparoscópica modificada se realiza con frecuencia por disminuir la sensación de esfuerzo y dolor durante el acto quirúrgico. Se plantea el estudio de los elementos de confort para el cirujano con esta técnica modificada. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo, descriptivo, comparativo y de corte transversal en cirujanos de pacientes con litiasis vesicular que se resolvieron con colecistectomía laparoscópica, en el Hospital Universitario de Caracas, período enero-agosto 2022. Resultados: Se realizaron 77 colecistectomías laparoscópicas, conformadas por: técnica americana 32 (41,6%) y la técnica modificada 45 (58,4%). La técnica americana evidenció como zona dolorosa la muñeca izquierda (62,5%), y en la técnica modificada reportan en 91,1% sin zona dolorosa. El 43,8% de los cirujanos no se sienten cómodos con la técnica americana, mientras que en la modificada el 97,8% reportaron la técnica cómoda. Los cirujanos refirieron un esfuerzo difícil en el 56,3% con la técnica americana y con la modificada el 82,2% refieren un esfuerzo leve. El grado de dolor en las extremidades fue mayor en los que realizaron la técnica americana en comparación con la modificada, siendo todos los resultados estadísticamente significativos. Conclusión: La técnica modificada tiene ventajas en cuanto a la comodidad del cirujano y su equipo de trabajo y puede emplearse desde el inicio de la formación de cirujanos(AU)

Surgeons reported exertion and musculoskeletal pain during or after a procedure. Modifying the insertion of the trocar located in the clavicular midline to be placed in the midline, to improve the surgeon's posture. At the Hospital Universitario de Caracas, the modified laparoscopic cholecystectomy technique is frequently performed to reduce the sensation of effort and pain during the surgical act. the study of comfort elements for the surgeon with this modified technique is proposed. Methods: A prospective, descriptive, comparative and cross-sectional study was carried out in patients with gallbladder lithiasis at the Hospital Universitario de Caracas, from January to August 2022. Results: 77 laparoscopic cholecystectomies were performed, consisting of: American technique 32 (41, 6%) and the modified technique 45 (58.4%). The American technique showed the left wrist as a painful area (62.5%), and in the modified technique they reported no painful area in 91.1%. 43.8% of the surgeons did not feel comfortable with the American technique, while in the modified one 97.8% reported the comfortable technique. the surgeons reported a difficult effort in 56.3% with the American technique and with the modified one, 82.2% reported a light effort. the degree of pain in the extremities was greater in those who performed the American technique compared to the modified one, all of the results being statistically significant. Conclusion: the modified technique has advantages in terms of comfort for the surgeon and his team and can be used from the beginning of surgeon training

Cardiovascular Surgeons' Medical Perspectives Regarding Social Media Usage: a Survey Analysis

Abstract Introduction: We aimed to evaluate the use of social media among cardiovascular surgery specialists and their respective perspectives. Methods: In total, 173 cardiovascular surgeons were reached through an online survey. The surgeons surveyed were cardiovascular surgery specialists. The questionnaire consisted of 33 questions, including closed-ended and open-ended questions about social media. Results: We found that 73.4% of the participants think that social media facilitates the communication of the patient with the doctor, and 87.9% think that social media increases the publicity of the physician. Furthermore, 80.9% of the participants believe that informing through social media creates information pollution. We found that personal use of Instagram was more common in state hospital cardiac surgeons. The number of patients who contacted surgeons in private hospital for surgery via social media were found to be statistically significant, and it was found that this group benefitted more economically. Conclusion: Social media usage rates of cardiovascular surgeons were found to be high. On the other hand, it was observed that the rate of surgeons who share medical content is low. However, half the cardiovascular surgeons who participated in the study believe that their colleagues do not fully comply with the ethical rules in medical sharing.

Quiste pilonidal. Preferencias en su manejo de los cirujanos/as colorrectales de Latinoamérica

Objetivo: Caracterizar las preferencias y frecuencia de las técnicas quirúrgicas para la resolución de la enfermedad pilonidal (EPS) en los cirujanos/as colorrectales de Latinoamérica. Material y Método: Estudio transversal descriptivo analítico mediante encuesta electrónica validada por pares expertos. Distribuida entre los cirujanos/as colorrectales de Latinoamérica. Fueron excluidos los cirujanos/as no subespecialistas en cirugía colorrectal. Resultados: Se obtuvieron 372 respuestas de 15 países latinoamericanos, con media de 18,9 ± 12,5 años como subespecialistas. El 66,7% utiliza técnicas abiertas para EPS crónica, las técnicas más usadas son marsupialización (31,5%), destechamiento (27,7%) y resección con técnica de Karydakis (17,7%), colgajo de Limberg (6,1%), Bascom (5,4%), plastias en Z o V-Y (4%), McFee (3,8%) y Epsit (3,8%). La intervención más utilizada para la resolución de la EPS aguda es el drenaje bajo anestesia formal con curetaje y/o marsupialización (51,1%). El 45,3% de los cirujanos/as cambia de técnica durante su carrera. Discusión: Gracias a la amplia distribución y representatividad de los encuestados se logró plasmar la preferencia de manera realista acerca de las inclinaciones en el manejo de la EPS por parte de los subespecialistas del continente, aportando información de la que no se tiene precedente. Conclusión: Las técnicas abiertas son las preferidas para la resolución de la EPS crónica, las técnicas más utilizadas son marsupialización, destechamiento y Karydakis. Es frecuente el cambio de técnica quirúrgica preferente dentro de los subespecialistas, existiendo una relación entre escoger técnicas abiertas en la medida que los cirujanos/as tienen más años de experiencia.

Aim: To characterize the preferences and frequency of surgical techniques for the resolution of pilonidal disease (PSD) in colorectal surgeons of Latin America. Materials and Method: Cross-sectional descriptive and analytical study using an electronic survey validated by expert peers. Distributed among colorectal surgeons in Latin America. Surgeons who were not subspecialists in colorectal surgery were excluded. Results: 372 responses were obtained from subspecialist surgeons in colorectal surgery from 15 Latin American countries, with a mean of 18.9 ± 12.5 years as subspecialists. 66.7% use open techniques for chronic PSD, the most used techniques: marsupialization (31.5%), unroofing (27.7%) and resection with the Karydakis technique (17.7%), Limberg flap (6, 1%), Bascom (5.4%), Z or VY plasties (4%), McFee (3.8%) and Epsit (3.8%). The most used intervention for the resolution of acute PSD is drainage under formal anesthesia with curettage and/or marsupialization (51.1%). 45.3% of surgeons change techniques during their career. Discussion: Due to the wide distribution and representativeness of the respondents, it was possible to capture the preference in a realistic way about the management of the PSD by the subspecialists of the continent, contributing with information with which there is no precedent. Conclusion: Open techniques are preferred for the resolution of chronic PSD, marsupialization, unroofing and Karydakis were used the most. The change of surgical technique within subspecialists is frequent, there is a relationship between preferring open techniques to the extent that surgeons have more years of experience.

An objective evaluation of simulated surgical outcomes among surgical trainees using manual small-incision cataract surgery virtual reality simulator

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate trainee performance across six modules of a virtual reality (VR) simulator. Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted on 10 manual small-incision cataract surgery (MSICS) trainees who practiced cataract surgery on an MSICS VR simulator for one month. They were assessed in six major steps which included scleral groove, tunnel dissection, keratome entry, capsulorhexis, nucleus delivery, and intraocular lens (IOL) insertion under a trainer抯 supervision. The information included in their score metrics was collected, and their overall performance was evaluated. Results: Thirty attempts were evaluated for scleral groove, tunnel dissection, and capsulorhexis and 15 attempts for keratome entry. Candidates had varied results in the dimensional aspects and their rates of complications with a mean satisfactory score of 3.1 � 4.17, 6.8 � 5.75, 5.8 � 7.74, and 1.8 � 2.57, respectively. Nucleus delivery (n = 5) had more of iris pull and IOL insertion (n = 5) had more of lost IOL as complications but both had a higher satisfactory outcome. Conclusion: A VR simulator is a useful tool for training surgeons before their entry into live surgery. It is an effective method for evaluating objectively the structural characteristics of each phase in MSICS and their associated complications, helping them anticipate it earlier during live surgery by giving them a near real world experience.

A study of assessing knowledge, attitude, and practice of materiovigilance among medical surgeons of Gujarat

Background: Medical devices which are now employed in all areas of health care have played a crucial role in patient care. Although, their use is not without risk. Materiovigilance refers to close monitoring for any medical device-associated adverse events by a well-coordinated surveillance system of detection, collection, assessment, reporting, and prevention of adverse events. Aim and Objective: The aim of the study was to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of materiovigilance among medical surgeons of Gujarat. Materials and Methods: This was an observational, cross-sectional, and questionnaire-based study, conducted among practicing medical surgeons of Gujarat, India. A structured self-administered Google form-based questionnaire in the English language was prepared to collect the relevant data of the study variables. The questionnaire contained a total of 17 questions related to KAP aspects of the materiovigilance. The questionnaire was distributed to the study participants through a digital web link using various social media platforms and their responses were collected. Results: A total of 156 participants responded. Nearly, 71.8% of the participants had an idea about various reporting systems in India to report medical device-induced adverse events, but only 31.4% of the participants were aware of India’s current program for monitoring adverse events. Very few (9%) participants had reported adverse events during their practice. Whereas, 77.6% of the participants were willing to report a medical deviceinduced adverse event in the future. Conclusion: Participants in our study were found to be lacking adequate knowledge and practice of materiovigilance. However, they showed a positive attitude toward materiovigilance. Various educational interventions and training are required to promote the reporting of medical device-induced adverse events.

Surgeon experience, robotic perioperative outcomes, and complications in gynecology

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: Robotic surgery is currently on the rise and has been widely applied all over the world. Gynecology offers great opportunities for the development of innovative techniques due to the magnitude of surgical needs. The aim of this study was to correlate perioperative complications, surgical time, and length of hospital stay with surgical diagnosis, procedure performed, and surgeon experience in robot-assisted gynecological surgeries in a 10-year period. METHODS: This was a retrospective, transversal, cross-sectional study involving 632 patients who underwent robotic gynecological surgery from January 2008 to December 2017 in a community hospital in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Medical records of robot-assisted gynecological operations were searched for perioperative complications, operative time, and length of hospital stay, correlating these outcomes with surgical diagnosis, procedure performed, and surgeon experience, considering those with 20 or less robotic procedures and surgeons with more than 20 cases in their career as in-training or qualified surgeons, respectively. RESULTS: Endometriosis (381 cases) was the most common surgical indication, followed by uterine myoma (171 patients). Qualified surgeons had 64% less complications than in-training surgeons (p=0.03) and achieved 20% lower surgical time and 15% shorter length of hospital stay. CONCLUSION: In this study, qualified surgeons with more than 20 robotic procedures had better perioperative outcomes and less complications than in-training surgeons during their first 20 robotic surgeries.

Preferred practice pattern for Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty surgeries: A survey of Indian corneal surgeons

Purpose: This study aims to assess the preferred surgical technique of Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) among corneal surgeons in India, and barriers in performing DMEK surgeries amongst the non?DMEK surgeons. Methods: An online, questionnaire-based, cross-sectional survey was conducted among members of the Cornea Society of India (CSI) (n = 500). Responses on their surgical experience, preferred technique, complications, and outcome of DMEK were collected and analyzed. Barriers in performing DMEK surgeries were assessed amongst the non?DMEK surgeons. Results: A total of 100 responses were obtained and response rate for the survey was 20%. DMEK was performed by 55% of the participants of whom only 40% had formal training in this technique. Surgical video-based learning was the most often used self-training method for others. Lack of training was the most common reason for not performing DMEK by the non-DMEK surgeons. Descemet stripping endothelial keratoplasty (DSEK) was the most common endothelial keratoplasty (EK) performed by both DMEK and non-DMEK surgeons. High volume (>50 cases) DMEK surgeries were reported by limited surgeons (n = 6). Nearly all the DMEK surgeons prepared the donor tissue by themselves on the day of the surgery, and majority felt that unrolling the graft in the anterior chamber was the most difficult surgical step. Nearly 80% of the DMEK surgeons were more comfortable with DSEK or Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK) when compared to DMEK. Conclusion: DMEK practice in India needs improvement with increased accessibility to DMEK training programs, wet lab facilities, and better support from eye banks

Historia de la Cirugía General en Cuba y el mundo

RESUMEN Introducción: La cirugía es tan antigua como la historia de la humanidad, se remonta a los tiempos más lejanos cuando el hombre hace su aparición en el teatro de la historia, a raíz de la individualidad física, psíquica y social. Objetivo: Abordar aspectos importantes de la historia de la Cirugía General desde la antigüedad hasta la actualidad y su desarrollo en Cuba. Método: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica en la base de datos de la National Library of Medicine, PubMed, Google Académico, Web of Science, ClinicalKey, Elsevier, ResearchGate y páginas web de distintas especialidades que recomendaron artículos de interés en relación al tópico para la reconstrucción del surgimiento de la cirugía desde la antigüedad hasta la actualidad. Resultados: Se recopilaron apuntes cronológicos divididos en: La cirugía en la antigüedad, América precolombina, La Edad Media y el Renacimiento, Desarrollo de la cirugía general en Cuba (breve recorrido 1354 hasta la actualidad). Consideraciones finales: El desarrollo de la cirugía comienza desde la antigüedad como necesidad, la especialización de los cirujanos generales en Cuba comienza a partir del siglo XVIII, cuando se separa de la cátedra de Anatomía para hacer la disciplina quirúrgica, lo cual ha tenido un progreso mantenido a lo largo de la historia, cuya magnitud es consecuente con el grado de desarrollo de la sociedad y de las limitaciones externas e internas, lo que se considera como un hito en el desarrollo de esta especialidad hasta la actualidad, con avances científicos, técnicos y anestésicos quirúrgicos de lo cual Cuba hoy exhibe a nivel mundial.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Surgery is as old as the history of humanity. It goes back to the most distant times when man made his appearance, as a result of physical, mental and social individuality. Objective: To approach important aspects of the history of General Surgery from ancient times to the present and its development in Cuba. Method: A bibliographic review was carried out in the database of the National Library of Medicine, PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, ClinicalKey, Elsevier, ResearchGate and web pages of different specialties that recommended articles of interest in relation to the topic for research, to reconstruct the emergence of surgery from antiquity to the present day. Results: Chronological notes were compiled, divided into the next categories: Surgery in antiquity, pre-Columbian Americas, The Middle Ages and the Renaissance, Development of general surgery in Cuba (brief journey from 1354 to the present). Final considerations: The development of surgery begins from antiquity as a necessity; the specialization of general surgeons in Cuba begins in the eighteenth century, when it is separated from the Anatomy chair to perform as the surgical discipline, which has had a sustained progress throughout history. Its magnitude is consistent with the degree of development of society and society´s external and internal limitations. The development of this specialty in Cuba is considered a milestone, exhibiting high standards of scientific, technical and surgical-anesthetic advances today.

RESUMO Introdução: A cirurgia é tão antiga quanto a história da humanidade, remonta aos tempos mais distantes em que o homem faz sua aparição no teatro da história, fruto da individualidade física, mental e social. Objetivo: Tratar aspectos importantes da história da Cirurgia Geral desde a antiguidade até o presente e seu desenvolvimento em Cuba. Método: Foi realizada revisão bibliográfica na base de dados da National Library of Medicine, PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, ClinicalKey, Elsevier, ResearchGate e páginas da web de diferentes especialidades que recomendavam artigos de interesse em relação ao tema para pesquisa reconstrução do surgimento da cirurgia desde a antiguidade até o presente. Resultados: Foram compiladas notas cronológicas divididas em: Cirurgia na antiguidade, América pré-colombiana, Idade Média e Renascimento, Desenvolvimento da cirurgia geral em Cuba (breve viagem de 1354 até o presente). Considerações finais: O desenvolvimento da cirurgia começa desde a antiguidade como uma necessidade, a especialização dos cirurgiões gerais em Cuba começa no século XVIII, quando se separa da cadeira de Anatomia para fazer a disciplina cirúrgica, que teve um progresso mantido ao longo da história , cuja magnitude é compatível com o grau de desenvolvimento da sociedade e limitações externas e internas, que é considerado um marco no desenvolvimento desta especialidade até hoje, com anestésicos científicos, técnicos e cirúrgicos que Cuba hoje exibe em todo o mundo.